Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) ›› 2024, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (3): 118-129.doi: 10.16088/j.issn.1001-6597.2024.03.010

Previous Articles     Next Articles

An Examination of the Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in American Education from the Perspective of Technical Ethics: Realistic Representation and Avoidance Strategies

TANG Xiao-ling, ZHENG Chu-yue   

  1. School of International Education, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 40003, China
  • Received:2023-12-10 Online:2024-05-25 Published:2024-05-17

Abstract: As an emerging technology, artificial intelligence in education (AIED), though with its advantages, gradually reveals many ethical issues. The ethical issues and avoidance strategies of AIED technology in the United States, a pioneer country in AIED technology, are more typical. Various biases and discrimination have emerged: it is difficult to hold accountable for errors and technical vulnerabilities in intelligent systems; massive data collection may infringe on students' various rights; students' long-term use of intelligent systems may face obstacles to development, thus a value conflict between “gaining success” and “being human”. To avoid such ethical risks, the United States has formulated relevant standards, strengthened the algorithms supervision, introduced data protection guidelines and bills, and standardized the application of intelligent technology in education. China should learn from the governance strategies adopted by the United States, formulate and improve the corresponding policies, establish a full-staff collaborative supervision mechanism throughout the whole life cycle, develop an ethical framework of educational artificial intelligence, and cultivate and improve the artificial intelligence literacy of teachers and students.

Key words: America, artificial intelligence in education, ethical issues, technical ethics

CLC Number:  G43
[1] 中华人民共和国教育部.创新技术服务教学进步,人工智能助力未来教育——2021国际人工智能与教育会议举行[EB/OL].(2021-12-08)[2023-04-28].http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/moe_1485/202112/t20211208_585822.html.
[2] Campolo A , Sanfilippo M R , Whittaker M , et al. AI now 2017 report[C]// AI now 2017 symposium and workshop. AI Now Institute at New York University, 2017.
[3] Lynne E P. Creation of the national artificial intelligence research and development strategic plan[J]. AI Magazine,2018(2):25.
[4] David L. Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety:a guide for the responsible design and implementation of AI systems in the public sector[J/OL].[2023-06-22].https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3240529.
[5] UNESCO. Final report on the draft text of the recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence[EB/OL]. (2021-03-31)[2023-11-08].https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376712.locale=zh.
[6] European Commission. Ethics guidelines for artificial intelligence[EB/OL].(2019-04-08)[2023-06-12].https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai.
[7] 刘三女牙,刘盛英杰.智能教育发展中的若干关键问题[J].中国远程教育,2021(4):1-7,76.
[8] The Institute for Ethical AI in Education. The ethical framework for AI in education[EB/OL].(2021-03-25)[2023-10-20].https://www.buckingham.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Institute-for-Ethical-AI-in-Education-The-Ethical-Framework-for-AI-in-Education.pdf.
[9] Southgate E, Blackmore K. Artificial intelligence and emerging technologies (virtual, augmented and mixed reality) in schools: a research report[R/OL]. (2018-01-03)[2023-11-11].https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2019-08/apo-nid254301.pdf.
[10] UNESCO.北京共识——人工智能与教育[EB/OL]. [2023-11-12].https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368303.
[11] Kate Crawford. Artificial intelligence's white guy problem[EB/OL].(2016-06-25)[2023-12-01].http://www.thelowdownblog.com/2016/06/artificial-intelligences-white-guy.html.
[12] Eicher B , Polepeddi L , Goel A. Jill watson doesn't care if you're pregnant: grounding AI ethics in empirical studies[C]// Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. ACM, 2018.
[13] Finkelstein S , Yarzebinski E , Vaughn C , et al. The effects of culturally congruent educational technologies on student achievement[C]//International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013: 493-502.
[14] Feathers T. Flawed algorithms are grading millions of students' essays[EB/OL].(2019-08-20)[2023-12-01]. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa7dj9/flawed-algorithms-are-grading-millions-of-students-essays.
[15] Hu Q, Rangwala H. Towards fair educational data mining: a case study on detecting at-risk students[J]. International Educational Data Mining Society, 2020:431-437.
[16] District of Columbia Public Schools. Impact review findings to date[EB/OL].(2021-08])[2023-08-28].https://dcps.dc.gov/page/impact-review-findings-date-august-2021.
[17] UNESCO. I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education[EB/OL].(2019-03-05)[2023-07-25]. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.page=1.
[18] Emily Tate. Students take summit learning protests directly to facebook chief[EB/OL].(2018-12-25)[2023-09-10]. https://www.edsurge.com/news/2018-11-15-dear-mr-zuckerberg-students-take-summit-learning-protests-directly-to-facebook-chief.
[19] Teninbaum G H. Report on exam soft's exam ID Feature (and a method to bypass It)[J].Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Law,2021,4(4):293-300.
[20] Roschelle J , Lester J, Fusco J. AI and the future of learning: Expert panel report [R/OL].(2020-09)[2023-06-08]. https://circls.org/reports/ai-report.
[21] 江山.人脸识别技术进校园,教育部:加以限制、管理[EB/OL].(2019-09-12)[2023-12-02].https://www.12371.gov.cn/Item/542434.aspx.
[22] UNICEF. Children's rights and business in a digital world: privacy, protection of personal information and reputation rights[EB/OL].(2017-03)[2023-12-13].https://www.unicef.org/csr/files/UNICEF_CRB_Digital_World_Series_PRIVACY.pdf.
[23] Beardsley M , Santos P. Ethics in educational technology research: informing participants on data sharing risks[J]. British Journal of Educational Technology,2019(3):1019-1034.
[24] Connie Loizos. Alt School wants to change how kids learn, but fears have surfaced that it's failings tudents[EB/OL].(2017-11-23)[2023-11-22].https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/22/altschool-wants-to-change-how-kids-learn-but-fears-that-its-failing-students-are-surfacing/.
[25] Bostrom N, Yudkowsky E. The ethics of artificial intelligence[M]//The cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2014:316-334.
[26] New schools venture fund. Education technology use in schools[EB/OL].(2020-03)[2023-10-29].https://www.newschools.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Gallup-Ed-Tech-Use-in-Schools-2.pdf.
[27] Diane R. 5 risks posed by the increasing misuse of technology in schools[EB/OL].(2017-12-29)[2023-11-20].https://www.edsurge.com/news/2017-12-29-5-risks-posed-by-the-increasing-misuse-of-technology-in-schools.
[28] Office of educational technology. ED tech developers'guide[EB/OL].[2023-06-12].https://tech.ed.gov/developers-guide/.
[29] National Institute of Standards and Technology. U.S. leadership in AI: a plan for rederal engagement in developing technical standards and related tools[EB/OL].(2019-08-09)[2023-06-22].https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/08/10/ai_standards_fedengagement_plan_9aug2019.pdf.
[30] Christopher S, Alicia L. Regulation of algorithmic tools in the United States[J].Journal of Law and Economic Regulation,2020,13(2):7-22.
[31] ACM. Statement on algorithmic transparency and accountability[EB/OL].(2017-01-12)[2023-06-08].https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/2017_usacm_statement_algorithms.pdf.
[32] Jones Day. Proposed algorithmic accountability act targets bias in artificial intelligence[EB/OL].(2019-06)[2023-10-26].https://www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2019/06/proposed-algorithmic-accountability-act.
[33] Privacy Technical Assistance Center. Protecting studentprivacy while usingonline educational services guidance[EB/OL].[2023-03-15].https://georgiainsights.gadoe.org/Data-Collections/Documents/Data%20Collection%20Website/FY2017/Model%20Terms%20of%20Service.pdf.
[34] Privacy Technical Assistance Center. Best practices for data destruction guide[EB/OL].(2014-05)[2023-05-25].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED585293.pdf.
[35] US Department of Education. Family educational rights and privacy act[EB/OL].[2023-09-12].https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/ferpa.html#print.
[36] Common Sense. Student online personal information protection act[EB/OL].(2014-09)[2023-08-18].https://www.commonsensemedia.org/kids-action/about-us/our-issues/digital-life/sopipa.
[37] 中华人民共和国教育部.教育信息化2.0行动计划[EB/OL].(2018-04-25)[2023-09-10].http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/s3342/201804/t20180425_334188.html?from=timeline&isappinstalled=0.
[38] 吉翔.松鼠AI 2020年:超1000万学生注册总营收突破20亿[EB/OL].(2021-01-25)[2023-09-10].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1689841191943619998&wfr=spider&for=pc.
[39] 苗逢春,Holmes, Wayne H, et al.AI and education: guidance for policy-makers[M]. Paris: UNESCO,2021:25-28.
[40] Pardo A, Siemens G. Ethical and privacy principles for learning analytics[J]. Educ. Technol,2014,45(3):438-450.
[41] ACT-IAC. Ethical application of artificial intelligence framework[EB/OL].(2020-10-08)[2023-11-12]. https://www.actiac.org/system/files/Ethical%20Application%20of%20AI%20Framework_0.pdf.
[42] 中华人民共和国科学技术部. 新一代人工智能伦理规范[EB/OL].(2021-09-26)[2023-06-12].https://www.safea.gov.cn/kjbgz/202109/t20210926_177063.html.
[43] 杜静,黄荣怀,李政璇,等.智能教育时代下人工智能伦理的内涵与建构原则[J].电化教育研究,2019(7):21-29.
[44] 邓国民,李梅.教育人工智能伦理问题与伦理原则探讨[J].电化教育研究,2020(6):39-45.
[45] 王岚,王凯.教育中的人工智能:应用、风险与治理研究[J].黑龙江高教研究,2020(6):45-49.
[46] 赵磊磊,吴小凡,赵可云.责任伦理:教育人工智能风险治理的时代诉求[J].电化教育研究,2022(6):32-38.
[47] Yadegaridehkordi E, Noor N, Ayub M B, et al. Affective computing in education: a systematic review and future research[J]. Computers & education, 2019,142(9):103649.
[1] LI Qian-wen. Metadiscourse of Curriculum History: A Historical Philosophy Reflection Based on Kliebard’s The Struggle for the American Curriculum (18931958) [J]. Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2021, 57(3): 86-96.
[2] LIU Jian-jiang, LI Shi. Strategic Measures and Prospects of US Re-industrialization under the Impact of the COVID-19 [J]. Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 56(6): 129-145.
[3] LI Xiao-ou. The Evolution of Female Consciousness in Chinese American New Immigrant Novels from the Perspective of Five Divorced Women [J]. Journal of Guangxi Teachers Education University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2015, 51(2): 74-76.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!