Abstract: The establishment of the position and interpretations of the first chapter of Shang Jing have an important reference significance to determine the theme of Lao Tse and research the evolution of the test. By analyzing the key words in the first chapter of Lao Tse Shang Jing from the new perspective of ancient Chinese Characters such as the explanation of grapheme and the semantic change, after studying on the main idea of this chapter, we can conclude that Lao Tse is about an ideal political model, which makes it clear that it advocates a governing way presenting the individual intrinsic nature and freedom, by reflecting “rite” and promoting “Loyalty and Faith”. Discussing the inner connection between this chapter and other chapters in Lao Tse, we can also find that Lao Tse established the political philosophy. Lao Zi’s political philosophy system centers on “quiet and inaction” and presents the double-subjects structure of king and people. From the perspective of the king, his power and responsibility should be matched, and he should attach great importance to conscience and the accumulation of his virtue, cultivate both his heart and vitality. From the perspective of the people, Lao Zi notes that the king can rely on the morality of his common people, which reflects on “the theory of good nature”. This ideological system of political philosophy presents the logical structure characterized by layer-by-layer inclusion like an onion.

Key words: the Han Dynasty bamboo slips collected by Peking University, Lao Zi, the first chapter, political philosophy, “quiet and inaction”, cultivating both his spirit and qi, ideological system