Human development theory is derived from Marxist philosophy. Marx and Engels, on the basis of establishing a new worldview, especially the practical view and historical materialism, scientifically define the subject of human development, establish practical individuals engaged in practical activities, and clarify the connotation and goals of human development; the two giants profoundly analyze humansociality, expound the conditions for human development, and reveal the role of productivity development, rationalization of social relations, and cultural progress in human development; the two clearly point out the path to achieve human development, elaborate on the consistency between environmental changes and human self change, and believe that humans can only transform their inner world through their shaping the physical world.

Astechnological progress is an inevitable trend in history, we, with the vigorous development of artificial intelligence, has ushered the era of intelligence. Artificial intelligence, supported by massive data and super algorithms, has broken through many limitations of human development and outlined a new landscape for public political participation and government scientific decision-making. But as its application has been expanding and its influence extending, artificial intelligence is no longer just a carnival of technological revolution, but also the implementation of a new rule, bringing both risks and challenges to democratic politics. AI reconstructs the power structure within the modern country, breaks through the monopoly pattern of political discourse power, promotes the rise of “expert groups” as independent political units, and expedites the “super power” produced by the collision of capital and technology, so that the gap between the elite and the public continues to grow, sliding towards “Technology Leviathan”. At the same time, the inherent technological loopholes such as algorithmic discrimination and black box operations are impacting the traditional political order and value system, tearing apart, at a higher speed, of the basic values with consensus such as justice, freedom, equality, rationality in human society, thus rendering human subjectivity to be slowly removed from political life. The inevitability and urgency of the risks and challenges brought about artificial intelligence corner us to be cautious about its future development, reasonably draw a line for its application so as to ultimately achieve a positive interaction between technology and society, thus achieving the goals of “good governance” and “good intelligence”.

“To take the right incentive of officials” is the key to government governance. This paper, taking the county as the research unit, focuses on the constraint structure of the “section-level ceiling” on promotion incentive, examines how local governments expand the space for effective operation of incentive mechanism by layering the region, lengthening the chain of personnel mobility and promotion; it brings the “social person hypothesis” back into the analysis and considers “social person” together with “political person” and “economic person” as different aspects of government officials, and examines how the triple(social, political, and economic) goal preferences come together to form incentives for government officials. It is found that regions differ in terms of their location, industrial resources and industrial bases, and these differences are projected into the bureaucracy system, shaping the regional hierarchy. When primary-level governments have the right to set their own incentives, the paper concludes, financial rewards, job promotions, and near-family benefits are matched, forming a relatively optimized match between governance subjects and governance tasks. However, with the reform of the governance system and the loss of the right to set up automatic incentives, townships with high governance loads are unable to incentivize primary-level cadres who lack career promotion prospects through financial rewards, thus making their governance fall into the dilemma of insufficient incentives.

Why do urban communities with the same physical resilience and similar public resources have significant differences in policy implementation and social governance effectiveness in responding to emergencies? According to the study, urban resilience is not only the physical resilience of infrastructure and ecology, but also the political and social governance resilience under the integration of government. Street bureaucrats are the resilient governance link between local governments and the public as their ability to connect, serve, organize and mobilize the people determines the resilience of the city to cope with emergencies. The working attribute of facing and serving the masses brings advantages for them to explore and organize social emergency resources and positively strengthen the resilience of social governance. However, there have been the problems in primary-level mass work like the minority, formalization, outsourcing, greatly reducing the opportunity and ability of primary-level workers to contact and serve the masses. The hierarchical, technical and professional nature of urban primary-level governance has promoted the transformation of public services into products without temperature, weakening step by step the political connections between individuals and the state, and posing a risk that street bureaucrats become detached from society. The government, therefore, should pay attention to the mass work capacity building of street bureaucrats, leverage the advantages of the spatiotemporal dispersion of mass work, strengthen the resilience of urban governance, and rely on the people to defend their cities.

With the increasing attention paid to data and information, frequent information security incidents have led to privacy concerns about the use of intelligent products throughout society. Through a nationwide internet survey data, this paper finds that based on knowledge attribute characteristics, artificial intelligence literacy, as a digital literacy in the intelligence era, fall into either general or specialized: the former emphasizes the ability to consume and use intelligent products and has a significant positive relationship with privacy concerns, and personal awareness of privacy protection plays a positive mediating role in the relationship between the two; the latter emphasizes technological production capabilities in smart products and significantly reduces people's concerns due to their technological trust, among which the practical oriented literacy plays a more significant role. The above results, on the one hand, well explain the objective phenomenon that with the promotion of artificial intelligence products and the popularization of universal artificial literacy, public information privacy concerns are gradually deepening, and on the other, propose the corresponding solutions. Given the mechanism by which specialized artificial intelligence literacy can alleviate personal information privacy concerns, the government, in addition to promoting the establishment of reliable standards for the application technology, should keep encouraging the popularization of professional artificial intelligence knowledge and focus on cultivating the practical ability of public artificial intelligence literacy.

The arrival of the intelligent era has profoundly transformed the education ecology and learning forms, thus prompting significant changes in learning methods. Various types of learning methods based on intelligent technology, have provided teachers and students with multiple choices on the one hand, but on the other they have brought about anxiety about learning style change. In essence, the core of the transformation of learning methods in the intelligent era focuses on learning how to learn. It is an educational concept that advocates human-machine collaboration; it is an interdisciplinary literacy that emphasizes high-level thinking; it is an intelligent learning that showcases individual autonomy. To explore the practical path of learning to learn in the era of intelligence, we should advocate learning to learn, transform the concept of education and teaching, offer relevant courses to cultivate interdisciplinary comprehensive abilities, transform the role of teachers and build a learning community between teachers and students, and utilize intelligent technology to optimize evaluation methods and systems.

Personalized learning based on artificial intelligence technology is the demand of the times to adapt to the future society and promote individual development. Based on the learning behavior data of learners' personality characteristics, it applies massive data analysis and model algorithm recommendation to carry out intelligent choice, decision and service so as to set learning path, provide learning resources, create interactive situation and give real-time feedback for learners; it realizes personalized learning objectives through synchronous adjustment and optimization of secondary supply of learning data. Such is the closed-loop operating mechanism of artificial intelligence technology enabling personalized learning. By combing the dynamic hierarchical relationship of learners' basic data, intelligent decision making and personalized service, and learning model construction, this paper proposes the practical approaches ofits enabling personalized learning: 1) to accurately draw the digital portrait of learners by data mining, and guide quantitative self and quantitative learning; 2) to adapt management system through the recommendation algorithm and the learning of artificial intelligence for intelligent decision-making and personalized service;3) to build a humanistic ecosystem of deep learning through machine learning for a shift from superficial to deep.

This paper, based on China's inter-provincial Panel data from 2011 to 2020, comprehensively employs the panel change point model to study the impact of digital inclusive finance and its various dimensions on the urban income gap, and analyze the regional differences under its impact on the urban-rural income gap. The results show that: 1) the development of digital inclusive finance can narrow the urban-rural income gap and contribute to common prosperity; 2) digital inclusive finance plays a more important role in reducing the urban-rural income gap in China's western region than it does in China's central and eastern regions; 3) the impact of digital inclusive finance and its various dimensions of development on the income gap between urban and rural residents is non-linear: with the improvement of development level, the income gap narrows at first, and widens later with three change points and four different stages. To promote economic development, improve the residents' income and achieve common prosperity, we should focus on improving the service quality of its specific business, and properly make policies weighted towards China's central and western regions; for provinces between the third change point, different development policies should be adopted to narrow the urban-rural income gap.

The change in the position of China's being embedded in global value chain (GVC) will have a significant impact on the income gap between high and low skilled labor as the embedded GVC is closely related to income distribution. This paper, based on the empirical analysis of China's manufacturing industry (1995-2009), finds that: firstly, being embedding in the global value chain helps to narrow the income gap between high and low skilled labor, a result which is achieved by moving downstream of the value chain; secondly, the impact mechanism of the above role is to change the relative demand of the two kinds of labor in the factor market so as to narrow the wage gap at the margin; thirdly, the level of technological competitiveness of industry moderates the impact mechanism mentioned above, that is, the more advantages one industry enjoys, the smaller impact of changes in GVC position it has on labor income gap. China's being embedding in the global value chain, the paper also concludes, helps to narrow income disparities and promote fair income distribution; with technological innovation as a new advantage in China's international competition, corresponding measures need to be adopted: 1) to put various manufacturing industries in a higher position of the global value chain through policy guidance; 2) to strengthen labor skills training targeted to the low skilled according to the needs of economic development; 3) to facilitate the combination of industry, academia and R&D institutions for more technological competitiveness so that the income gap does not widen again; 4) to grasp the core competitiveness of the value chain so that China's manufacturing industry can independently, under control, move towards the high-end.

The fiscal system is an extremely important national system as the fiscal aspect fully reflects the public nature of national system; such nature is shaped in a long process. By comparing Huang Zongxi's and Locke's thoughts on public finance, this paper concretely presents the development process and historical differences of the public finance system in China and the West in the 17th century, focusing on the following four aspects: the nature of fiscal power, the source of property rights, the control of tax collection, and the leader of fiscal management. The paper finds, 1) as Huang Zongxi's thought does not distinguish the political society and the government through two contractual processes, Locke's contribution, the publicity he advocates is difficult to be implemented,and it, expected by Huang, relies on the engagement of future “emperors” to pave the way; 2) without a solid property right theory, Huang just emphasizes the constraint of fiscal power with objective low quota; 3) the proposition that schools composed of intellectual elites play a deliberative role in fiscal management falls into no results. Instead, Locke's thought, based on the perfect social contract theory, distinguishes the political society and the government, thus highlighting the publicity and creatively developing a solid property right theory emphasizing that the parliament composed of economic elites determines the tax amount through public deliberation to restrict the collection power. The difference between Huang's and Locke's thoughts, to a large extent, does not lies in their thinking ability, but the different stages of national development. As Huang's thought mainly summarizes the traditional fiscal thought of imperial China, his some ideas for the future could not develop too much. Locke's thought, thought with some shadow of the Western Middle Ages, more reflects the design of modern finance by then British thinkers who had already crossed the threshold of modern states. The gradual expansion of fiscal openness has been reflected in the historical development of China and the United Kingdom.

The orientation of technology's control over social development, coupled with the boosting effect of technological rationality in establishing authority, has already given it the form of public power in modern society, thus regulating society accordingly. Technological power goes deep into the inner level of social rights, triggering complex effects such as subject discipline, vulnerable exclusion and value erosion. The coming out of ChatGPT, as a model of artificial intelligence technology, means that technology power will have a “storm-like” and superimposed impact on human society while the application field is deeply expanded. Coercive exclusion, darkening operation, misleading analysis and competitive barrier will result in the absence of rights and opportunities of human society, the lack of subject responsibility, the bias in behavioral decision and the obstacle to future development. Faced with increasingly radical technological power, we should adhere to the concept of “the scale of human creation”, be more “conservative” in human subjectivity and the autonomy of rights, clarify the principle, bottom line and path of rights priority, transparency and accountability, ethics and rule of law, and re-advocate, acquire and maintain the fundamental value of freedom, equality and dignity of human beings as social subjects.

Modern Europe witnessed the birth of the concept of sovereignty accompanied by the spatial shift of state-building; in terms of physical space, legal space and image space, territorial state was built in both internal and external dimensions duringwhichtime the relationship with the empire, church, lords and other sovereignpowers should be addressed, followed by taking advantage of the geographical power mechanism to shape the land space and its order. For such kind of national spatialization and territorial sovereignty, traditional scholars usually attribute it to a top-down structural transformation. This article argues that both the material sense of boundary closure and the legal level of right argument are summarized through a series of practices and experiences. Taking modern France as an example, the birth of a territorial state is reflected in various aspects such as boundary delineation, territorial integration, spatial governance, and cultural representation. It has reference significance for understanding modern geopolitical culture and reflecting on current global territorial issues when we sort out these phenomena and traditions at the micro level.