“Investing in people” is the strategic support driving the comprehensive development of individuals and high-quality economic and social development. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on “investing in people” systematically responds to major epochal propositions such as the iteration of development concepts in the new era, the transformation of development drivers, the reshaping of development logic, and the leap in development paradigms, marking a new height in the Chinese Communist Party’s understanding of the laws of human capital development. Firstly, it reshapes the value concept at the value level, transcends Western human capital theories, and proposes an original understanding of “people-centeredness”. Secondly, it perceives the historical position at the cognitive level, makes an original judgment on closely integrating “investing in things” and “investing in people”, and clarifies the dialectical relationship between the subject and object. Finally, it solves complex propositions at the methodological level, condensing four dimensions of original methods in the practice of the Chinese path to modernization.General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on “investing in people” places human modernization at the core, providing a new practical path for solidly promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

In today′s world, the United States stands as the most advanced capitalist society and the primary locus for examining the phenomena of capital. Consequently, a clear grasp of its actual conditions and developmental tendencies has become an essential prerequisite for deepening Marxist inquiry in the new era. Confronted with the intricate problems of American society, a number of scholars have turned to a critical re-examination of liberalism as a framework for analysis, among which the work Why Liberalism Failed serves as a prominent example. Its author attributes the troubles of the United States and the contemporary world to liberalism itself, carefully elaborates in what sense liberalism has failed, and outlines both a prognosis and a principled vision of "freedom after liberalism". While the perspectives and arguments presented in the book offer genuine stimulus for reflecting on liberal theory and practice, they also provoke deeper questions. Compared with the book′s discussion, Marx′s analysis and construction of liberalism remain incomparably scientific, realistic, and transcendent.

The derivation of the theory of surplus value from the dual character of labor constitutes a central argument in Volume I of Capital. Starting from labor′s duality as both abstract and concrete, Marx demonstrates that the capitalist production process carries a dual determination: it is at once a labor process (the universal moment) and a valorization process (the particular moment). Through this dialectical movement, he arrives at the concepts of surplus value and the rate of exploitation-concepts specific to the capitalist mode of production as a historically distinct stage of social development. Around the 1980s, analytical Marxism sought to show that there is no necessary link between the labor theory of value and surplus value/exploitation, and attempted to construct a theory of exploitation independent of the labor theory of value. Yet the labor theory of value, which they aimed to exclude as the determination of abstract labor, resurfaces in their own arguments as a tacit precondition. This recurrent slippage indicates that dialectics remains an indispensable theoretical perspective for comprehending the capitalist mode of production.

The forming of new quality productive forces relies on the co-evolution of the knowledge ecosystem, technology application system, and social support system. However, the public-good nature of its core elements, risk asymmetry, and coordination failures lead to systemic market failures. Traditional developmental and regulatory states, constrained by information limitations, institutional lag, and path dependency, struggle to meet the demands of cutting-edge technological innovation. The enabling state, by restructuring the government-market-society interaction, breaks down innovation barriers through mechanisms of knowledge diffusion, risk-sharing, institutional adaptation, and ecosystem evolution. It shifts governance objectives from maintaining efficiency to fostering dynamic capabilities, transforms the governance paradigm from partial correction to systemic synergy, and changes governance tools from administrative intervention to market-based empowerment. The study proposes that the government should build a symbiotic governance system suited to the development of new quality productive forces through governance philosophy transformation, policy tool innovation, digital capacity upgrading, and institutional environment optimization, thereby converting institutional advantages into sustained competitive advantages.

The NPC budget oversight system is an important institution in the fiscal and economic domain, a component of China′s NPC system, thus playing a significant role in state governance. Since the advent of the new era, grounded in China′s realities and drawing on the experience of other countries, this system has developed a logical framework suited to China′s national conditions, capable of supporting state governance, and bearing distinctive features. The logical framework of the NPC budget oversight system in the new era takes political oversight as its fundamental starting point at the institutional formation level; adheres to the leadership of the Party as the fundamental principle at the institutional operation level; and is oriented toward promoting the people′s well-being as its value goal at the institutional performance level. While enhancing the effectiveness of budget oversight, it provides support for state governance, markedly transcending the adversarial oversight logic of Western budget supervision and highlighting the unique strengths of the NPC budget oversight system, thus offering practical support for breaking the Western discourse monopoly and building an independent knowledge system of Chinese political science.

Local agency and effective policy implementation have long been central issues in the modernization of state governance, and they are essential requirements for addressing unknowns, uncertainties, and various risks and challenges. In the face of emerging governance challenges, how localities creatively implement major and demanding tasks deserves attention. The creative implementation of public policies refers to the process whereby implementing actors continuously adapt policy content and implementation methods in response to changes in real-world problems and implementation conditions, thereby ensuring the effective achievement of policy goals. This study selects 13 national street-level service and management innovation pilot zones as observation cases, analyzes how local governments, driven by complex implementation contexts, utilize the elements of policy implementation to break through implementation constraints and engage in creative implementation behaviors involving policy reproduction and mechanism re-innovation. The findings indicate that two pathways-policy innovation through policy design, policy mix, and policy adaptation, and mechanism innovation through leveraging functional department authority, optimizing resource allocation, and harnessing digital technology-contribute to the realization of policy implementation. The study demonstrates that creative implementation aligns well with the Chinese local context, providing insights for further enriching policy tools and promoting effective policy implementation.

Competitiveness is a fundamental attribute of human existence and from this attribute arises the need and impetus for order construction. Order, viewed from the perspective of competition, manifests first as ranking among individuals. Therefore, to establish order means to clarify interpersonal ranking, to attain which contest and examination are two effective methods. Contest operates bottom-up, generating a spontaneous order; examination operates top-down, producing an authoritative order. Theoretically, contest and examination apply to different domains; in practice, however, domains of contest are increasingly penetrated by examination, causing more and more contests to incorporate elements of examination and making order construction based on competition an ever more potent mechanism for the reproduction of authority.

With the explosive iteration of generative artificial intelligence technology, the application of agents in education is becoming increasingly widespread, and the resulting ethical issues deserve attention. From the perspectives of agent application and regulation, risks in educational scenarios-spanning the teaching process, learning assessment, data content, and regulatory governance-stem primarily from the trend toward technological democratization, shortcomings in the regulatory system, and insufficient literacy among teachers and students. To formulate scientific risk-mitigation strategies, it is necessary to systematically review and compare principles, norms, and guidelines issued by international organizations, national governments, and universities concerning the application of AI in education. Strategies should be structured from four pillars: technical governance, institutional development, capacity building, and value adherence. Concrete measures include: building trustworthy, transparent, and controllable systems; improving access, grading, and filing systems; enhancing the AI collaboration capability of teachers and students; and ensuring that educational agents remain human-centered.

STEM education is an important pathway for China to promote the cultivation of innovative talent and a key support for enhancing students’ comprehensive competencies. Currently, constructing a multifunctional teaching-agent system based on a multi-agent collaboration mechanism—and deploying it as a platform to empower STEM education—has become a key driver in generating new forms of STEM education amid the push for digital transformation in education. It is thus significant to propose the “CGS-AI” framework and develop a multi-agent “Intelligent Learning Companion” system designed to guide primary school students through STEM learning activities. Experimental results demonstrate that in STEM education supported by such multi-agent systems, employing heuristic dialogue with the “Intelligent Learning Companion” as the primary mode of collaborative learning leads to positive student outcomes across three dimensions: deeper conceptual understanding, enhanced practical skills, and strengthened learning motivation. The findings not only offer empirical support for the application of agent technology in education but also shed light on the underlying mechanisms of technology-driven paradigm shift in educational practice.

As the core force of the future teaching workforce, pre-service teachers′ acceptance of artificial intelligence technology is crucial for its practical application and sustainable development in the teaching field. Based on this, the UTAUT model is employed to explore the factors influencing their acceptance of AI technology. Empirical analysis shows that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and AI literacy have significant positive effects on behavioral intention, whereas perceived risk takes a significant negative effect. Social influence bears the most prominent predictive effect on behavioral intention; AI literacy, performance expectancy, and other variables show significant positive effects, while perceived risk shows a significant negative effect. Gender, major, and proficiency level play moderating roles in the paths of "AI literacy → behavioral intention" and "effort expectancy → performance expectancy." Based on attribution analysis, targeted strategies to enhance pre-service teachers′ acceptance of AI technology can be proposed from three dimensions namely environment, perception, and individual-shaping positive norms and improving supporting conditions, enhancing utility perception and reducing risk perception, and stimulating endogenous motivation and cultivating sustained willingness to use.

In the process of the digital transformation of the education system enabled by digitalintelligencetechnology,the inherent contradiction between the paradigm of technology applicationand the demands of educational ethics gives rise to derivative ethical risks such as the quantitativeprocessing of emotions,the erosion of subjectivity,and the manipulation of values.The mechanismsbehind these risks can be traced to the obscuring of the essence of education by technological standardmonopolies,educational alienation under the data power structure,and the crisis in the reconstructionof subjective cognitive frameworks,which poses a grave threat to the“whole-person education”system constructed by social-emotional learning. In light of these ethical concerns,a“technologyinstitution-humanity”linkage governance paradigm should be established based on social-emotionallearning:algorithm governance enhanced by social-emotional learning should optimize the valuesystem of technological logic;an emotional barrier system should be constructed to resist the erosionof data power;and return to humanistic cultivation of emotional competence so as to reshape thehumanistic value of education. This will enable digital-intelligence-enabled education to return from thedimension of efficiency to the dimension of life,and establish a comprehensive implementationsystem that balances academic rigor and practicality from the perspective of “cultivating a complete personality.”

The low-altitude intelligent networked system is a technology-driven governance system that relies on integrated digital infrastructure-including communications, navigation, and sensing; it centers on multi-level (national, provincial, and municipal) coordinated cloud platforms and is featured by networking, digitization, and intelligence with an aim to achieve intelligent control, coordinated operation, and efficient service delivery in low-altitude airspace, thus an essential requirement for the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy. Within the three-tier national-provincial-municipal structure of the system, the national-level system establishes a comprehensive low-altitude data aggregation framework, performs top-level functions such as coordinated management of national airspace resources, cross-departmental coordination and integrated oversight, and planning for the low-altitude economy; provincial-level systems are responsible for refined management and dynamic release of low-altitude airspace within their jurisdictions, build provincial low-altitude information infrastructure nodes, provide information and intelligence services, and organize and coordinate emergency response and safety supervision within the province; municipal-level systems serve as the "execution terminals" and "service windows" of the three-tier national management framework. Currently, three distinct models of low-altitude intelligent networked system construction with different approaches are emerging nationwide:"department-led pilot demonstration", "government-led unified network management", and"market-driven diversified development". To establish a safe, efficient, and coordinated low-altitude regulatory system, the following measures can be adopted: strengthen top-level design and coordinated planning to build a collaborative management system; advance refined management of airspace resources to construct a new governance system for low-altitude airspace; develop a standardized low-altitude intelligent networked system to break down data silos and enhance technological iterative capabilities; and establish a new low-altitude safety law-enforcement system to address operational challenges.

The large-scale and standardized development of the low-altitude economy urgently requires the support of robust infrastructure. However, current supply faces triple constraints: a structural mismatch between supply and demand, the absence of mechanisms for internalizing network externalities, and high institutional transaction costs. This paper proposes a collaborative governance model characterized by "stratification of investment entities and hierarchical spatial layout". It aims to seek a dynamic equilibrium between a proactive government and an efficient market through institutional arrangements tailored to local conditions, targeting the economic characteristics and market demands of different regions. In the entity dimension, the government ensures the guaranteed supply of pure public goods; public-private partnerships achieve the internalization of externalities for quasi-public goods through concession rights; and market entities lead investment decisions for private goods under negative list management. In the spatial dimension, low-altitude airspace is divided into core control zones, industrial agglomeration zones, and general service zones based on flight frequency and functional requirements, with differentiated governance strategies. Through structural coupling mechanisms, the minimization of total social costs is achieved under specific airspace constraints. Regarding construction sequencing, a progressive path of "node breakthrough-link connection-network coverage" is recommended. The paper suggests perfecting governance rules by establishing a "three lists" system, innovating multi-level financial instruments to resolve funding maturity mismatches, and advancing airspace property rights reform to construct a dual pricing model for "public goods vs. market goods", thereby providing investment security for the sustainable development of low-altitude infrastructure.

Under the new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the low-altitude economy, as an important direction for cultivating new quality productive forces, has been incorporated into major national strategic planning. The low-altitude economy is a typical demand-driven economic form, and its application scenarios exhibit significant regional heterogeneity. From a regional perspective, the low-altitude economy is not a linearly expanding industry driven solely by technology or policy; rather, it is a composite economic form deeply embedded in spatial conditions, industrial systems, and governance structures. Its development path is strongly constrained by regional industrial foundations, showing distinct stratified and differentiated characteristics across different regions. The low-altitude economy exhibits marked spatial dependence, with its developmental boundaries shaped by both natural and institutional environments. It is necessary to start from regional natural endowments, industrial foundations, and market demands to construct a policy system aligned with regional characteristics, guiding the low-altitude economy toward orderly development and overall efficiency improvement through division of labor and coordination. Specific policy measures that localities can adopt include: strengthening the deep integration of top-level design with territorial spatial planning so as to build a differentiated airspace management and infrastructure layout system based on resource endowments; emphasizing differentiated urban-rural development strategies and improving airspace management and safety guarantees so as to accommodate actual urban-rural disparities; and establishing cross-regional industrial coordination and benefit-sharing mechanisms so as to break down administrative barriers, thereby promoting a unified national market that features a development model where the eastern region leads in R&D, the central and western regions focus on manufacturing, thereby achieving nationwide application.

The low-altitude economy is a strategic emerging industry and representative of new quality productive forces. Against the backdrop of accelerated deployment across regions, how to efficiently empower economic formats is a topic worthy of study. The deep integration of the low-altitude economy with aviation-based foreign trade, and the construction of an integrated low-altitude and high-altitude air transport model, are important pathways that align with the national strategic positioning of low-altitude economic development and the demand for high-quality development of aviation foreign trade. Integrated low-altitude and high-altitude transport, both belonging to air transport, can achieve airspace coordination, share traded goods, talent, maintenance services, and port customs clearance facilities, and foster related industries, thus generating scale synergies-especially beneficial for inland regions engaging in foreign trade. However, such integration currently faces challenges such as route conflicts, inadequate facility compatibility, lack of regulatory standards, and limited coverage of international routes and scenarios. To promote foreign trade development through integrated low-altitude and high-altitude air transport, effective measures can be adopted: encourage competent authorities to establish a three-dimensional aviation concept, and develop unified integrated transport standards; support carriers in designing integrated route networks and coordinate night-time transport; permit shared use of infrastructure and expand integrated transport scenarios; and stimulate enterprises to participate in integrated transport and encourage inter-firm cooperation.

Confronting the profound challenges digital technology poses to human cognition and identity, Thomas Fuchs integrates perspectives from artificial intelligence, neuroscience, and psychiatry to reshape the understanding of the human through the lens of embodied anthropology. In its practical impetus, the work responds to the radical trans-humanist claims advanced by AI; theoretically, it leverages the bridge that embodiment forms between neuroscience and phenomenological experience to construct an analytical framework for comparing “brain consciousness” with “embodied life”. Within this framework, by establishing the ontological priority of embodied life, Fuchs shifts the critical focus from the sub-personal level of cognitive structures to the primordial inner affectivity of life. This approach advances a turn from classical phenomenology toward an embodied anthropology grounded in a realism of perception, thereby furnishing a new systematic framework for understanding the mind-body relationship in the digital age. The explanatory power of the theory, however, constrained by its personalist stance and a traditional perspective that opposes anthropology to Christian theology, requires further development to adequately account for emerging embodied experiences such as digital symbiosis and complex bodily alienation.

The "orality" of The Book of Songs is manifested to varying degrees in the stages of composition, communication and dissemination. The fact that poems contain colloquial elements, descriptions of spoken activities, and formulaic expressions does not mean that the poems originated from oral composition. In the Banquet Poems, the combined use of "analogy and evocative image" (比兴) with "stanzaic repetition" (重章) allowed poets or singers to compose impromptu poems based on the on-site situation, which best reflects the "orality" in the composition stage. During the "wu suan yue"(无算乐)in ancient rituals, there was no fixed form for singing. Singers could improvise and select verses to sing according to the ritual specifications, the duration of the performance, and the mood of the hosts and guests. The practice of "quoting poems out of context for specific purposes"(赋诗断章取义)originated from this custom. Both phenomena embody the "orality" of The Book of Songs in its communication stage: the text was relatively open and fluid, and those who sang or quoted the poems enjoyed a high degree of autonomy and flexibility. As the practice of quoting from The Book of Songs-originally embedded in ritual and musical performance-evolved into a purely discursive activity, quoters invariably invoked the text′s canonical nature for authority. They intentionally interpreted and shaped the stability and authority of the text and its meanings, resulting in a significant reduction in the manifestation of "orality". When The Book of Songs was transmitted, taught, transcribed, and copied across different times, spaces, mediums, and groups, it gradually became a relatively closed and finalized work. Although oral forms were still involved and there were many variant characters caused by homophones, the "orality"-with its situational dependence and derivative functions-gradually faded away. Fundamentally, the "orality" of The Book of Songs is a question of whether the acting agent or the text itself possesses greater agency. Its decline was a process of detachment from music and contextualization, as well as a process in which the text and its meaning became increasingly stabilized and authoritative. This marked a crucial step in the early canonization of The Book of Songs.