Struggle is the inherent theoretical character and spiritual trait of Marxism. In today’s world confronted with accelerated changes unseen in a century, we need to re-study Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England and further understand that the struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie in capitalist society is a historical necessity; only by uniting and engaging in armed struggle can the working class achieve fundamental liberation. In the new era, although there have been some changes in the mode of labor, the essence of the capitalist system and mode of production has not changed. The working class, therefore, must unite and act in the great spirit of struggle so as to promote their own liberation as well as social progress in the new era.

This paper attempts to construct a model for measuring changes in in-home elderly care resources based on maximizing inter-temporal utility, and examines the one-way and interactive impact mechanisms of declining fertility rates and abandoned farmland on family elderly care. It is found that the decline in fertility rates and abandoned farmland have an impact on the in-home elderly care support system, including self-sufficiency in food production, mainly through its influence on the diversity and sufficiency of family income structure and sources of livelihood; the interactive media effect of the land contracted management system will strengthen this erosive impact; the institutional remedial effect of old-age insurance can alleviate this corrosive impact. Providing multi-level in-home elderly care services, including old-age insurance, and upgrading family mutual assistance to a social inter-generational mutual assistance system, is conducive to ensuring the comprehensive guarantee for in-home elderly care personnel and reducing their dependence on children and land.

With the distribution of resources, supervision service, and the streamlined administration inclining to the rural areas, village level governance has entered the path of modern construction. Xicun Village has constructed a hybrid governance system by fully employing modern national governance rules and traditional governance resources. The village committees have recruited activists and clan elders, and formed a diversified governance pattern through formal, semi-formal, and informal governance methods. Village cadres are gradually becoming administrative, mainly responsible for routine tasks, and official documents and correspondence about core works; activists in the village, as semi-formal personnel, are responsible for mobilizing and coordinating the masses to complete the central work; the elderly association manages social affairs through local authoritative organizations. The division of labor and cooperation among diverse governance entities has shaped a hierarchical operational mechanism for village level governance, which includes “top-level coordination, intermediate transformation, and bottom mobilization”. Hybrid village level governance, as it is based on the optional organizational structures and diverse legal resources, and adopts classified governance according to the nature of affairs, well integrates the tradition of minimalist governance into the modernization of national governance construction, thus achieving the “governance with actions”, and shaping a modern minimalist governance model that takes into account both legitimacy and effectiveness.

Institutional trust is a key element that affects primary-level public-private partnerships. The study, taking H Street as a case, reveals the specific mechanism by which interpersonal trust is transformed into institutional trust: trust in individuals can be transformed into trust in the institutional system they are connected to; interpersonal interaction shapes the formation of institutional trust; sustainable trust in the institutional system is established through continuous experience and practice. Under the dual effects of political environment and interpersonal trust, institutional trust features specificity and fragility. In terms of primary-level governance lacking institutional resources, the mutual construction of interpersonal trust and institutional trust is an ideal form.

The application and development of digital technology in the field of public administration have accelerated the transformation of governance models and process evolution. As a new model and direction of governance system and technological innovation in the new era, overall intelligent governance and primary-level governance in ethnic areas have a high degree of theoretical coupling. The concept of holistic governance, intelligent governance, and participatory governance advocated by holistic intelligent governance can effectively overcome the theoretical bottlenecks and practical difficulties of primary-level governance in ethnic areas, providing a new vision for the modernization of primary-level governance systems and governance capabilities in ethnic areas. Overall intelligent governance can render primary-level governance in ethnic areas a shift from resource dispersion to resource sharing, from fragmented dispersion to collaborative governance, from manual dependence to intelligent governance, from passive response to active intervention, and from simple and extensive to precise and efficient. However, based on the special governance context, there are also issues concerned with the dissemination and acceptance of ideas, the application and integration of technology, the operation and openness of systems, and the cultivation and management of talents in the application of holistic intelligent governance in ethnic areas. It is necessary to innovate digital governance thinking, foster a holistic governance mechanism, effectively develop governance resources, build a collaborative governance platform, and innovate talent cultivation management so as to enhance the effectiveness of primary-level governance in ethnic areas.

To construct an education power, education needs to cultivate “new generations” who are worthy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and who can establish a connection between history and reality, tradition and modernity. To foster national roots and new generations has become a key issue in achieving an education power. The high-quality education knowledge system provides a strong internal driving force for the construction of an education power, while it also confronts with development challenges in knowledge production, knowledge attributes, and knowledge contributions. To consolidate the cornerstone of an education power, 1) the high-quality educational knowledge system should highlight the combination of organizational, autonomous, and conscious scientific research; 2) the disciplines, domains, and school forms of academic research should complement each other; 3) the basic construction path of “drawing on the experience from our ancestors’ gains and foreign achievements” should be adopted. The rule of law is an important guarantee for educational reform and development. Empowering an education power through the rule of law means to promote educational modernization with the thinking and methods based on rule of law, to build a system based on rule of law that conforms to the laws of socialist education with Chinese characteristics, and to focus on law-related education and publicity so as to remove obstacles of empowering an education power through the rule of law, thus providing strong support for cultivating socialist builders and successors with an all-round moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic grounding. Empowering an education power with digital technology means to build a lifelong learning society for all, and to rely on digital technology to build a more flexible, resource-rich, and convenient mechanism for promoting lifelong learning for all. The key and focus of “high-quality development” in education lie both in teachers as its realization relies on teachers. Teachers are the backbone and strong guarantee of “high-quality development” in education. We should focus on strengthening the construction of the teaching staff as the most important basic work in building an education power, improve the teacher education system with Chinese characteristics, and vigorously cultivate and foster high-quality staff, reasonable in structure, full of vitality, with noble ethics and exquisite professional skills.

Deep learning is a general trend of international education reform and a core requirement for the development of core competencies. How to evaluate deep learning is a challenging task related to the development of deep learning. Bloom’s taxonomy of educational goals, Weber’s depth of knowledge model, and the multi-dimensional theoretical system of deep learning evaluation provide a solid theoretical basis for deep learning evaluation. Intelligent technologies such as facial expression recognition, speech recognition, natural language processing, and block chain have great application prospects in the collection, processing and storage of evaluation information. The results of the case studies demonstrate that technology-enabled deep learning assessments are playing an increasingly important role in the context of online learning. Looking forward to the future of intelligent deep learning evaluation, we conclude that quantitative ethnographic methods provide methodological guidance for deep learning evaluation.

The transformation of independent colleges is a microcosm and concrete manifestation of the transformation of educational organizations, an inevitable choice to balance the contradiction between the increasing demand for higher education and the insufficient investment in educational funds. Facing and solving the development difficulties after the transformation is of great significance for promoting the connotative development of private higher education. This paper, employing the life cycle theory and taking five independent colleges in Guangxi as research samples, tells that after the transformation, these colleges are confronted with four practical challenges: loss of brand effect, insufficient teaching staff and structure, weak guarantee of educational conditions, and inadequate internal governance mechanisms. To cope with such challenges, it is necessary to strengthen top-level design and strengthen overall supervision, to optimize governance mechanisms and integrate resources from all parties, to build a teaching staff and improve the evaluation system, and to focus on cultural construction and enhance the reputation of the school so as to strengthen self-adaptation ability, thus consolidating its educational achievements while achieving high-quality development. As the development of educational organizations follows a life cycle pattern, phased transformation does not necessarily mean a full completion, but rather requires continuous accumulation of “quantity” for the next “qualitative” leap.

Recent decades have seen a robust growth of both the number of international immigrants and the volume of international trade transactions, an important feature of “globalization”. Between the two, are they complementary or substitutive? This article systematically reviews research on the role of immigration in international trade, explains the mechanism of action by employing relevant theories, and summarizes a large amount of evidence from empirical articles. The literature generally proves that immigration has a significant promoting effect on import and export trade, with mechanisms including trade cost channels and immigration preference channels; in some sub-sample analysis, there may also be a substitution relationship between immigration and imports. On this basis, this article summarizes the recent advancement directions of cutting-edge research and proposes several other possible directions for further studies.

Accelerating the construction of a unified domestic market has become a fundamental goal in building a new development pattern, playing an important role in promoting the optimization and upgrading of consumption structure and strengthening the development of strategic emerging industries. This paper, based on the total factor productivity data measured by 800 strategic emerging enterprises in China from 2013 to 2021, analyzes and explores the impact of market integration on the development of strategic emerging industries and the mediating effect of consumption upgrading in the two impact mechanisms from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results show that market integration has a significant promoting effect on the development of strategic emerging industries, and consumption upgrading also plays an important mediating effect in the impact mechanism between the two; heterogeneity analysis shows that the integration level of the eastern region and factor markets has a more significant promoting effect on the development of emerging industries, while the existence of trade barriers in commodity markets inhibits the development of emerging industries. Therefore, building a unified national market is conducive to unblocking China’s internal circulation system and is the main force in accelerating the development of strategic emerging industries.

The digital economy, with data utilization as the core, has become a new engine for social development, and the new production methods and economic models created by it have rapidly penetrated into agriculture and rural areas, thus promoting the development of rural digital economy. The integrated development of digital economy and rural economy is not only an active choice at the national strategic level, but also the need of the new epoch for rural economic development. The digital development of rural economy bear the theoretical care of the era view of digital economy, the policy view of agricultural and rural development, and the subject view of sharing the achievements of reform and development. A review of the policies made by “both the central and local governments” tells that at the policy level presents the path dependence of increasing volatility of issuing documents and convergence of policy texts types, while local practice is limited in the dimensions of policy response, content system, implementation means and system adaptation. Given the necessity of the “public nature” of the development of the digital economy, we should focus on the current situation of rural economic development, the attributes of digital economy forms, and the goal of rural industrial revitalization, and shape a concept of integrated development that is incentive and inclusive, basic and moderate, and that bears both priority and diversity. Guided by this, on the one hand, we need to optimize the digital economy policy tool system, so as to improve rural economic data rules and risk management norms and construct a multi-dimensional policy system based on government support as the basic principle. On the other hand, we should flexibly employ data elements and digital finance platforms, and reform the current financial system, so as to create a multi-level market environment that releases the digital vitality of the agricultural field.

Online buzzword is an important representation of social mentality. An analysis of the evolution and development of online buzzwords (2008-2022) tells that topics these word are concerned with generally range “from political ridicule to self-deprecation”, “from public clamor to circle spread”, “from isolated issues to relevancy and serialization”, “from deconstruction and confrontation to absorption and integration”, reflecting complex and contradictory social attitudes such as “openness and resistance”, “questioning and faith”, “anxiety and optimism”, and “lying flat and enterprising”. It is not advisable to simply label online buzzwords as “rebellious, vulgar, or entertaining to the death”. Instead, a more open, equal, and inclusive mindset should be adopted, viewing these words as a “rational choice” for group participation and an important way of social interaction under specific political opportunity structures; only by facing the “rationalization elements” behind their “absurdity” can we decipher the code of circle communication, thus effectively guiding the mindset of the online society.

Rural governance is an important component of national governance. The evolution of rural governance in ancient China shows that the Xiang-Li administrative structure (dual), relying on patriarchal organizations, combining with a design of neighborhood supervision and mutual aid mechanism are the common forms of rural governance. In fact, rural governance involves in five important tasks, namely, counting registered residence, organizing production, collecting tax and arranging corvee, maintaining order and peace, and educating the people. The continuous deepening of government control at the primary level, the institutionalization of township conventions and township officials are important trends in evolution, featuring an interaction between the state and communities. The traditional rural governance model has a profound impact on the current innovation of rural governance in China as it provides important insights by balancing the traditional governance culture that relies on Confucian concepts and legal provisions and the needs of the times, official engagement and social autonomy, and promoting national construction and consolidating primary-level foundation. Such a trend that features interaction or integration in rural governance and primary-level governance, as we look into its future, will become more prominent.