In the late nineteenth century, the boundaries between China and Burma were demarcated, except the controversial parts in the south and north. Nevertheless, in the following decades, the changing location of the pillars on the “demarcated boundaries” in the west of Yunnan led to controversies between Britain and China now and then. Meanwhile, secretly setting up or removing boundary pillars also took place, especially moving the pillars into Chinese territory on the part of Yunnan border inhabitants. The pillars became the focus where multi-party forces wrestled for, not only for the sovereignty, but also for the border inhabitants’ livelihood.

When the Han Dynasty ruled Lingnan, its administrative districts there were often named after the informal names of the local mountains and rivers. Based on the interpretation of “Linchen” in Zhuang Language, it is certain that Linchen County was located where the Jinnan, Zhuya and Qunli Rivers meet in the Han Dynasty. Literature research shows that the Jinnan, Zhuya, Guan and Qunli Rivers are correspondingly the Zuo, Shuikou, You and Ming Rivers now. Therefore, a more exact location of Linchen County should be the locality of Shangjin Township in Longzhou County, not Chongshan County. In addition, according to the geographical scope of ancient Luo Yue and District Map of Jiaozhi Feudal Provincial in the Western Han Dynasty, the locality of Shangjin and Longzhou Counties was exactly the center connected the Yujiang River with the Red River of the ancient Luo Yue, and the water transportation junction of these two river basins, and possessed ideal historical and natural conditions for setting up Linchen County.

Guangxi local government made effective use of the national and social power in 1930s and 1940s, and dramatically strengthened the country’s social mobilization ability and control ability with the help of the powerful administrative network. During the Anti-Japanese War, Guangxi supplied massive manpower and material resources, which established the status of Guangxi as a “Model Province”. However, this kind of social mobilization was based on the government power and institutional authority. The relationship between society and local government presented overt attachment and covert resistance. Because of the expansion of powerful social mobilization ability and the unstoppable expansion of the resources absorption institution, the social burden and costs intensified sharply, eventually leading to an increasing centrifugal force of local society, and bringing about destruction to the unity of local society.

Guangxi is situated in the karst area of Southern China, and abounds in human fossils. Since the 1950’s, the well-known fossils of Liujiang hominid and Qilinshan hominid have been discovered one after another. Since 2000, the early hominid fossils of Mohui Cave in Tiandong, Baise and the Homo sapiens fossils in Mulan, Chongzuo were also discovered. The discovery of these precious fossils promotes the research on the evolution of early human beings in East Asia and the origin of modern human beings. Besides the traditional morphological study, modern technologies(e.g. CT scan)are also applied in the domain of paleoanthropology in recent years. The new means make up the disadvantages of the traditional observation, and dig out more information from the precious hominid fossils.

In Markus’s opinion, Marx’s historical materialism theory presented “paradigmatic characteristics”, which is at the core of “production”, by confirming the dual attributes of “production”, that is internal unity of the relations between human and nature, and between people and people. In this way, the dual transformations of theoretical and practical intentions are realized. However, numerous drawbacks existed in the “production paradigm”, which manifested not only in its explanation, but also in that Marx got stuck in the paradox of the “technological determinism” and the “historical destination theory”. Therefore, Marcus advocated the “radicalization trial”, which is open for the future. Marcus’s description of the “production paradigm” hits the essence of the historical materialism, but serious misunderstanding also exists, and especially his “radicalization trial” is in a strong style of idealism.

Wood thought that although Gorz, Poulantzas, Laclau and Mouffe held different opinions, they shared a common character in class view. They all advocated that the working class did not play a core role in the struggle for socialism, lost the status as the main force of revolution, and had no inevitable connection with socialism; and that class struggle is not the motive force of historical development, but the means of getting political power; historical change can only rely on the students, women and new social movements. They belonged to the new "real" socialism and is the same with post-Marxism in essence. They resolved the class theory of historical materialism on the basis of the discourse theory, and changed the class politics into discourse politics.

Cultural power is an important overall national strength. It is also the key factor that constrains the sustainable development of new rural areas in ethnic minority regions. Rural cultural power reflects the overall national cultural power in rural areas. It provides spiritual motivation, intellectual support and ideological guarantee for the new rural construction in ethnic regions. To solve the problem of lacking motivation while developing the rural areas sustainably, cultural power should play an efficient role as social identity, harmonious strength, productive forces and innovation power in building new countryside, and provide effective value identity, stable social environment, forceful economic security and vigorous vitality.

There are two problems that central government policy makers and target groups of the policy facethe scarcity of resources and the relative independence of interests. There problems often result in short-term cooperation but long-term non-cooperation in the game. Prisoner’s dilemma and gender difference are the two non-cooperation games between decision-makers of central government in the "grain for green" policy and target groups of the policy. The former game is caused by the opinion that abandoning is the optimal strategy, and the latter results from the idea that it is so hard to coordinate the differences of interests of different genders that the rationality of both genders gets into dilemma. Given the types and structures of the two games, in order to change the pattern of non-cooperation games and achieve the goal of collective rationality, it is necessary to introduce the power restriction of the third party to improve the mechanism of information communication and to make a sound policy system.

In the process of modernizing national governance, NGO was closely related to the start and cause of social conflicts. It can be the direct originator and participant, as well as the impellent external force of social conflicts. It is also the important intermediary to control and solve social conflicts. Therefore, to control, utilize and develop NGO rationally is the indispensable method and approach to deal with social conflicts. The positive function of NGO is providing service and substitute, collecting information and supervision, communication and exchange, education and guidance. Its negative function is obscuring the semiotic of social conflicts, providing back support, participating in conflicts directly and giving media and mental mislead. As for the path of cultivating and developing NGO, the structural, functional and institutional barriers should be overcome.

In the transformation from a traditional intellectual into modern intellectual, and from a bourgeois democrat into a Marxist, Li Dazhao’s understanding of traditional culture had been developing and deepening continuously. He focused his research on Confucius, Confucianism and cultural differences between East and West. His traditional cultural thought has practical significance. It indicates that in the process of promoting cultural advancement, we should stand on the forefront of the times and understand the traditional culture on strategic level. It is also necessary to deal with the relationship between East and West culture based on our own national culture. Furthermore, we should accurately grasp the developing direction of advanced culture under the guidance of scientific theory.

The mass line is the lifeline as well as the fundamental working line of our Party. From the three dimensions of history, reality and system, we analyze the mass line of the Party so as to deeply understand and grasp the spiritual essence and fundamental requirements, and to ensure the achievements of educational practice. The historical dimension reveals the causes, process and the core content of the Party’s mass line. The realistic dimension focuses on social issues, points out the importance and urgency of carrying out the educational practice of the Party’s mass line. The systematic dimension requires establishing systems which can turn the educational practice into long-term mechanism.

Parallel prose was an important tool for political operation in the Six Dynasties. It was a combination of political activities and literary arts which expresses politics in form of arts. The close connection between parallel prose writing and political operation was not limited to recording and expressing the process of political operations, but reflected the aestheticization of political operation. It gave aesthetic significance to political activities. Parallel prose had a close relation with writers’ political identity, and was utilized as a direct means of participating in politics. As a political activity, the writing of parallel prose was not just literary creation, but also served political purposes and restricted writing forms. Different political purposes decided the emphasis of contents and artistic styles of parallel prose writing.

Allusion was one element of parallel prose form in the Southern Dynasty. Its evolution of skills was basically synchronized with the development of parallel prose. During Liu Song period, the parallel prose was initially formed. And the total number of allusions was relatively small, including allusions of language and events, and by means of overt quotations. Accordingly, the skills were not so refined. However, generally speaking, the allusions were appropriate and natural. Till the Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties, with parallel prose developing and getting mature, the number of allusions increased and the manners of alluding became flexible and various, including legible allusions, implicit allusions, anti allusions, borrowed allusions and creative allusions. Meanwhile, alluding techniques became refined. Writers were good at using allusions flexibly, appropriately and naturally. The allusions in parallel prose in the Southern Dynasty could not only enrich the content of the article, improve the expressive force, but vary writing forms, enhance aesthetic effect, and play an important role in the process of pursuing beauty in form of parallel prose.

Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are always regarded as the masters of classical prose. Their prose theory and creative achievements are widely admired and become a classic. In contrast, the relationship between Han and Liu and parallel prose is controversial. In the classical literature system, parallel prose is the opposite of other types of prose. The view that Han and Liu use classical prose to oppose parallel prose exists from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. Many people are inclined to draw a veil over the fact that Han and Liu’s works are parallel prose. However, Han and Liu were immersed in the Six Dynasties’ parallel prose in Kaifeng for a long time, so their parallel prose had inheritance but also innovation. The most important thing is Han and Liu’s inclusion of parallel prose and their creative achievements without confining themselves to parallel or classical prose. They open up a new road for writing. People gradually recognize Han and Liu’s contribution and give them a high status in the history of parallel prose.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, because of wars and the change of dynasties, the sense of crisis of literati was intensified. The ideas of “putting what is learned into practice” and thoughts of “erudite” began to pop up. These two kinds of thought affect the content and style of parallel prose in the early Qing Dynasty. Influenced by idea of “putting what is learned into practice”, writers of Parallel prose in the early Qing Dynasty, such as Chen Wei-song, Wu Qi, Lu Fan-chao etc, attached close attention to social reality and expressed real feelings; therefore, parallel prose in the early Qing Dynasty has a sense of the times and heavy feeling awareness, and the academic thoughts of “erudite” reflected in parallel prose creation is characterized by the pursuit of the beauty of richness and elegance. The substantial and improved content of parallel prose in the early Qing Dynasty gave a vigorous boost to the revival of prose in the early Qing Dynasty and laid the foundation for heyday of the parallel prose in the mid Qing Dynasty.

The parallel prose was renascent in the Qing Dynasty, and its centrality was in the Jiangnan area (the south to the Yangtze River). The number of famous writers or representative parallel prose writers at all levels in the Jiangnan area was larger than in any other area. Many factors brought about the rise of parallel prose in Jiangnan in the Qing dynasty, and four of the most direct ones arethe oppressive and guiding nature of political and cultural policy, the culmination of Jiangnan area’s textual criticism in the Qing dynasty, the close relevance of Jiangnan writers in geography and kinship, and the attention and advocating of Chen Zilong, Zhang Pu etc. in the late Ming Dynasty.

The name of parallel prose has evolved from “Si Liu” to “parallel prose” in the Qing dynasty and became fixed in the period of the Republic of China. The discrimination of Si Liu and parallel prose goes with the evolution of the name. Parallel prose’s replacement of “Si Liu” and the discrimination between the two is the reflection of the concept of respect for parallel prose as a genre in the aspects of rectification of name and style discrimination. The developing stages of parallel prose are consistent with the evolution of name, which provides great convenience for discriminating Si Liu and parallel prose. Literary theorist in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China mainly discriminate Si Liu and parallel prose from the following perspectivesfirstly, in view of the field of creation, Si Liu is limited to social engagement while parallel prose breaks free of this. Secondly, in view of the sentence pattern of writing, Si Liu is not only written by four or six characters in a sentence, but also it is symmetric, while parallel prose is relatively free. Thirdly, in view of aesthetic effect, Si Liu is unable to express the charm of the writer, while parallel prose is more literary. The evolution of the name and the discrimination of Si Liu and parallel prose confirm parallel prose as a style and enhance its status.

More than half of the residents in Qianjing village in Caoping Hui ethnic township in Guilin, Guangxi are of Hui ethnic group, belonging to the descendants of the Bai ancestry who moved there in the early Qing Dynasty. After hundreds of years of development, the Bai family in Qianjing village has developed their own patriarchal clan system, built ancestral hall and made an agreement among sub-clans. The original 4 sub-clans have developed into 12 ones nowadays. After the 1950s, with the transformation of rural society enforced by state power, the patriarchal clan system and religious belief of the Bai family in Qianjing village were affected. Since the 1990s, with the transformation of Chinese society and the help of the local elites, religious belief in Qianjing village has been gradually revived. The Bai clan which had the huge influence held the absolute power in the village affairs. The case of Qianjing village shows that in the process of transformation of village governance in contemporary Chinese society, it is necessary not only to understand how clan, religious and other traditional cultural factors function in rural society governance, but also pay attention to dissolving the possible negative impacts and lead them to adapt to the development trend of modern society.

In China, property division is one of the most important factors in farmers’ custom of family division, which is per se the son-family’s affirmation of property rights towards its maternal family. Previous studies mainly pay attention to the division and succession of farmers’ family property. Nevertheless, they ignore how farmers’ family property comes into being and what the nature of family property is. Consequently, it is difficult to discover the cultural connotations of equal property division among all sons. From the perspective of ancestral property concept, this article argues that family property rights among farmers are characteristic of continuity, division and symbolism. The reason why the subject of farmers’ family property rights is not individuals but households is that its foundation is ancestral property concept. The sharing nature of ancestral property rights shaped by ancestors, “me” and descendents determines that all male descendents have equal right to inherit family property.

People’s religions are in the process of reconstruction, due to a religious crisis to some extent in contemporary China. To rural female Christians, their religion practices are related to earthly everyday life. They chose Christianity mainly out of pragmatic factors. However, they would be dominated by affective factors after becoming a Christian. Therefore, if we want to guide farmers’ religion scientifically and rationally, it is better to begin with solutions to their earthly worries and spiritual dilemmas in their daily lives. So, we need to face the belief crisis that people confront, and lead rural residents to transform from “mutual helping” to “holy spiritual salvation”, thus to promote the reconstruction of peoples’ belief to go to a right track.

The mode of elements combination is the most basic and major mode of effective classroom teaching. It has the characteristics of targeted orientation, relatively stability and openness. Its value lies in providing a concrete theoretical model and practical framework for the teaching reform of basic education. The teaching goal orientation, subject orientation and learning task orientation constitute three main principles of elements combination. The classroom teaching mode of elements combination integrates with what is advocated by new curriculum such as autonomous learning, cooperative learning and exploration-oriented learning, and produces autonomous classroom teaching mode, cooperative classroom teaching mode and exploring classroom teaching mode.

With the development of economic and social conditions in Africa, African education is constantly improving. However, the imbalance of education development in Africa has seriously affected primary and secondary teachers’ career choice, resulting in the large number of teachers’ frequent migration. This migrating trend reveals some characteristics, such as teachers’ choice of a neighboring country, more males than females, and most of them at the age of thirty to fifty. And there are also some factors that influence this trend among which are material and spiritual needs of self-realization, globalization, and unstable political situation, national policies for teacher mobility and so on.

James Bryant Conant’s thought on teacher education curriculum reflects the world’s trend of curriculum reform of teacher education. Conant not only strengthened the technicality of teacher education, but also highlighted the development of education major. He proposed to better teaching practice of future teachers through the close cooperation among universities and primary and middle schools. Specifically, he put forward the outstanding practice guiding scheme “Clinical Professor of Education”. Furthermore, he also advocated education practice as one of the important criteria to verify whether a teacher is qualified. This point of view has connected education learning and education practicing closely. He believed the teacher who takes charge of education practice must be a professor and master in education major theories and elementary and secondary school teaching practice. Clinical Professor of Education is his arrangement toward pedagogy after he negated some of pedagogy curriculums, and this is also the breakthrough of traditional teaching model.

Research on the learning quality of primary school children of migrant workers is helpful to promote the healthy development of educational work of primary school children of migrant workers, the healthy growth of migrant children and realization of education fair between cities and counties. There exist problems of the learning psychological adaption, learning attitude, learning habits of primary school children of migrant workers. Low family income, urban and rural difference, the uncertainty of growth of students and lower attention of teachers and parents to primary school children of migrant workers are the major causes of problems. The main strategies to enhance learning quality of primary school children of migrant workers areteachers and parents need to master knowledge and ability of students’ study quality cultivation, to coordinate the development of learning quality, to mobilize the internal enthusiasm of learning quality, with a good learning atmosphere and concrete actions to develop good learning quality of primary school children of migrant workers.

The poly-centric theory highlights that the service of public management should not be provided by a single subject but multiple subjects, and that the management mechanism of multiple competitions will be introduced into the process of public management service. Different from the principles of the poly-centric theory, entrepreneurial bases of college students in Chinese ethnic areas are being developed blindly, which have some bad impacts on the construction of entrepreneurial bases and the development of innovative enterprises. The effective way to solve these problems is to change the pattern “colleges and universities as the subjects” into another pattern, namely, government institutions, colleges and universities, industries and venture investment institutions and so on, collectively undertaking the construction of entrepreneurial bases of college students.

Essentially, university is a cultural organization and the construction of organization culture is the management by values. Cultural construction in universities can follow the theory of management by values, that is, we can use the strategic goals as psychological vision and core values as spiritual perspective, and combine the dreams, beliefs, pursuits of people in universities with the goals, missions, visions of universities through continuous cultural management by values; and then develop university culture’s attached emotion and value belonging, that is, the identity recognition of "who we are". It is also necessary to integrate the common beliefs and value systems of people in universities into universities’ management ideas, and to generate the collective personality that leads people in universities to realize the strategic vision through characteristic development.

The practical knowledge of college foreign language teachers generates from a complex and non-linear system. It is enriched through the dynamic and open meta-representation and is in continuous development in contradiction and self-adaptability. On the basis of activity theory and complexity theory, we can find that research on college foreign language teachers can analyze and explain the meta-representation of practical knowledge which is of different connotations and unnecessarily comprehensive. To know macroscopically the practical knowledge of college foreign language teachers, to understand the uniqueness of foreign languages, and to highlight the identities of college foreign teachers, can provide new research methods and significant reference for teachers to do with practical knowledge.

Identity construction has nowadays aroused great attention in the studies of pragmatics. With the theory of pragmatic identity, this paper discusses the pragmatic identities and discourse construction strategies of the teaching activities of English teachers in college online courses. We find that the pragmatic identities of English teachers vary because of different communicative contexts and needs; the construction of pragmatic identities is realized by the kinds of discourse strategies and therefore the communicative effects are different. Specifically speaking, English teachers in online courses will employ different discourse strategies, such as language style, speech acts, forms of address, and multimodality, to construct these seven pragmatic identities, namely, educators, guides, organizers, participants, evaluators, material collectors, and technicians. All these pragmatic identities and discourse strategies are diversified and dynamic.

Thomas Transtrmer from Sweden is a well-known poet in the world. With his great talent, he integrated European tradition of poetry from the ancient Greece to the 20th century, thus his poems possessing complex inherited relationships and various sources. And his poems have both piorneering and traditional characters.

the internet-based repository plays an important role in improving the quality of psychology teaching and learning. Teaching themes are the basic organizational form of content of courses. They are hierarchical knowledge points or modules which are mutually and logically connected. In the process of repository building, teaching themes can be applied as the clue of teaching material research. A clear logical theme system is built up in order to facilitate the information searching, screening, classification and sorting. Teachers can use the repository to ameliorate their teaching, and students can learn to master the psychological knowledge system and enhance their innovation capacity via thematic learning.